Currently, human society is facing the exhaustion of fossil fuels and the pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Sustainable, low-cost, and green energy is a prerequisite for the advanced productivity of modern society. Moreover, a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism, additive manufacturing, electrode fabrication, and full cell evaluation to practical applications. In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed. Therefore, exploring a durable, long-life, corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Over the past two decades, engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859.
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